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                  <text>Tom 21 - Zeszyt 2 (2015 r.)</text>
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                  <text>pol</text>
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                <text>ЦІННЕ ДЖЕРЕЛО З ІСТОРІЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МЕДИЦИНИ ТА ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ’Я РАДЯНСЬКИХ ЧАСІВ</text>
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                <text>Valuable source for History of Ukrainian Medicine and Health care of the Soviet period</text>
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                <text>Ігор Робак</text>
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                <text>Ганна Демочко</text>
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            <name>Abstract</name>
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                <text>Article is dedicated to a general characteristic of the activity and historical path of the magazine “Preventive medicine” (“Prophylaktychna medycyna”, published in 1922-1937) as a body of scientific thought and mouthpiece of the Soviet regime in the field of medical prevention. Also the article considers approaches to a primary sources study analysis of materials which are contained in that magazine. The authors proves the value of that magazine as a historical source on the history of the Soviet Ukrainian medicine and healthcare. With this aim the authors investigates historical preconditions of the foundation of the magazine, identifies a personality of its founder, aim and tasks of the magazine; defines who was its and publisher, a number of the magazine’s issues, time and periodicity of their edition, language of the publications, supplements to the magazine; explores the editorial board; highlights the magazine’s structure and genres of its publications; makes a short and selective content-analysis of issues.</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Z archiwów bibliotek muzeów</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>ru</text>
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                  <text>Tom 21 - Zeszyt 1 (2015 r.)</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Польский след в истории медицинского факультета Императорского Харьковского университета: доктор Владислав Франковский.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="580">
                <text>Игорь Робак</text>
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                <text>Тадеуш Срогош</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Prace Analityczne</text>
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                <text>ru</text>
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                  <text>Tom 20 - Zeszyt 2 (2014 r.)</text>
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                <text>Zestawianie wojskowych pociągów sanitarnych w latach Wielkiej Wojny na terytorium Cesarstwa Niemieckiego</text>
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                <text>The compilation of military train for sanitary purposes in World War I in the territory of the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires</text>
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                <text>Joanna Lusek </text>
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                <text>    Military trains for sanitary purposes (Sanitätszüge, Lazarettzüge, Spitalzüge) served during World War I to the mass transport of the wounded and sick soldiers. They were supported by the railroads. Remained in use only in time of war. Preparation of sanitary trains, for example:  the type of used cars and their real destiny lay down the rules state. On the territory of the German Empire – Order Sanitary (Kriegssanitätsordnung), at the Austro-Hungarian Empire area – Provisions regarding normal and sanitary trains railways in the regulation of the Imperial and Royal Army (Bestimmungen für das Normale der Eisenbahnsanitätszüge in der Vorschrift für Sanitätszüge der kaiserlichen und königlichen Armee).&#13;
     The publication which  describing of the Bavarian train facility, was  published in 1915 in Munich, document preparation and technical evidence sanitary train military, used during World War I to transport the wounded and sick soldiers. It is a case study on the example of selected military train for sanitary purposes. The detailed analysis focuses on wagons sanitary facilities intended for common soldiers and officers, coaches adapted to provide medical assistance, maintenance train carriages and wagons for medical staff and auxiliary.</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>Prace analityczne</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>pl</text>
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
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                  <text>Tom 22, zeszyt 1 (2016)</text>
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              <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                  <text>pol</text>
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              <name>Publisher</name>
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                  <text>IHN PAN</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Zdrowie publiczne na ziemiach polskich pod zaborem pruskim w rejencji bydgoskiej</text>
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                <text>Walentyna Krystyna Korpalska &#13;
Marek Maciejewski</text>
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                <text>&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Public Health on the Polish Territories under Prussian Rule &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;illustrated by the case of Bydgoszcz District&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;As a result of the Second Partition of Poland the District of Bydgoszcz was incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia. As a consequence, on that area the modern concept of public health was introduced, similarly to the rest of the 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;-century Germany. Prussian doctors-officers were responsible for the development of the sanitary policy and guarded the norms ensuring preservation of health. At the beginning of the 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century activeness of the Prussian state with reference to medical care, determined mostly by military and security considerations, was of short term or temporary character and focused mainly on anti-epidemic measures. It was no earlier than the second half of the 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century that the concept of subjective right for health protection was created, mainly related to the health protection of working persons. The German insurance order was binding also on the Polish Territories annexed by the Prussia. On the basis of acts on insurance in the Bydgoszcz District the municipal and regional health maintenance organizations were established, owing to which the medical services and financial aid were available also to the Polish working class. The development of social insurance contributed to extension and modernization of hospitals and enabled the regulation of pharmacy-related matters, and of dental and midwifery care in the Bydgoszcz District.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Prace Analityczne</text>
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                <text>pol</text>
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                  <text>Tom 19 - Zeszyt 2 (2013 r.)</text>
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                <text>Zbigniew Bela  - O starożytnych antidotach, złotych pigułkach i innych sprawach związanych z historią farmacji, w edycji Medycyny Praktycznej, (Kraków 2013 ss. 656)</text>
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                <text>rec. Bożena Urbanek</text>
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                <text>Recenzje i omówienia</text>
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                  <text> Tom 17 - Zeszyt 1 (2011 r.)</text>
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                <text>Zawody: diagnosty laboratoryjnego i felczera na ziemiach polskich w XIX i XX w. pod red. B. Urbanek, Warszawa 2010</text>
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                <text>rec. W. Korpalska</text>
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                <text>Recenzje</text>
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                  <text>Tom 19 - Zeszyt 2 (2013 r.)</text>
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                <text>Zasady leczenia ran wojennych i sposoby postępowania z ranami w II Rzeczypospolitej.</text>
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                <text>The principles of treatment of war wounds and ways of conduct with wounds in the interwar Poland</text>
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                <text>Anna Marek</text>
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                <text>The fundamental changes in treatment wounds took place during the First World War. It was observed that previous treatment methods could lead to the serious and varies complications. Bacteriological researches on “fresh wounds” were carried out by, among others, Pierre Delbet in Paris, Albert Policard in Lyon, Ludwik Aschoff in Fribourg and Läwen together with Hesse in Munich. According to their works changed not only the outlooks on wounds but also the ways of its treatment. First of all, they recognized all war wounds as infected wounds. Their conditions were depended on the kind of germ, its amount in the wound and human immunity. In the beginning of 1915, the “dèbridement” method was started to practice. That method was that they opened the recess in the wound to cleanse it. After cleansing wound, further conduct was depending: on the time from inflicting it and time of transport, on the certainty that the wound was completely cleansed and on the favourable conditions which allowed observing patients for a period of five days. Cutting wound required from surgeon good knowledge of human anatomy, precise operating technique and a lot of experience. In Polish army, during the 1920 war, the cutting method practiced Władysław Sieramski and Michał Latkowski. In the interwar period, Tadeusz Sokołowski was an initiator of introducing the method of cutting wounds.</text>
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                <text>Zaraza u bram Nowego Jorku: reakcja amerykańskiej opinii publicznej na epidemię tyfusu w Polsce po I wojnie światowej.</text>
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                <text>A pestilence at the gates of the New York City: the reaction of the American public opinion to the epidemic of typhus in post-World War I Poland</text>
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                <text>Sylwia Kuźma Markowska</text>
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                <text>The article presents and analyzes the reaction of American daily newspapers to the epidemic of typhus in Poland after World War I. In the years 1919-1922 American press delved into the issue of the “pestilence” in Eastern Europe, focusing on its unprecedented scope, unsanitary conditions that supposedly caused the epidemic, inability of Polish authorities to fight against the diseases, and the correlation between the plague and the war against Soviet Russia. The greatest concern for the American public opinion was however the threat that the typhus might be brought to the United States by immigrants coming from Eastern Europe, Poland in particular. The immigration station Ellis Island and the nearby New York City were, according to the press articles, in the most imminent danger of epidemic. American newspapers, especially the dailies published in the New York City, diligently reported anti-epidemic and anti-immigration decisions and activities undertaken by local authorities. All in all, the press inflated the issue of typhus and sustained a close association between the disease and Eastern European Polish and Jewish immigrants.</text>
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                  <text>Tom 20 - Zeszyt 1 (2014 r.)</text>
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                <text>Zadania i działalność lekarza powiatowego w II Rzeczypospolitej na przykładzie powiatu piotrkowskiego</text>
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                <text>Tasks and Activity of a County Doctor in the Second Polish Republic on the Example of Piotrków County</text>
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                <text>Andrzej Felchner</text>
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                <text>Between World War I and World War II there were numerous negative phenomena in Polish society as far as health and illnesses are concerned. The issues were depicted in detail on the example of Piotrków county. The author emphasized the living conditions, bad hygiene and also lack of awareness and knowledge among the city dwellers concerning this area of life. Basic sanitary norms were ignored in shopping areas, in places where food was produced and even at schools, especially in the country. The roles and activities of county doctors   were depicted in this sphere. They followed mostly sanitary conditions of Piotrków district. As representatives of public health care offices they undertook numerous activities in order to improve the situation. They frequently controlled, supported the activity of surgeries and tried to rebuild them. They advised local authorities as far as health matters were concerned. Although their activities were not always accepted by the society the work done by doctors must be emphasized. The office does not exist anymore but at that time it was significant and helped to improve the situation.</text>
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                <text>Prace analityczne</text>
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                  <text>Tom 19 - Zeszyt 2 (2013 r.)</text>
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                <text>Zachowywanie dziedzictwa medycznego na przykładzie Muzeum Historii Medycyny i Farmacji Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Białymstoku.</text>
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                <text>Preserving medical heritage as illustrated on the basis of the Museum of the History of Medicine and Pharmacy Medical University of Bialystok</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="377">
                <text>Magdalena Grassmann</text>
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                <text>The Museum of History of Medicine and Pharmacy Medical University of Bialystok was established in 2011. However, the tradition of preserving the academic heritage, of gathering and presenting exhibits is longer. The Museum of MUB is located in one of the most beautiful historical monuments of North-East Poland – the baroque Branicki Palace. The Museum is a part of the structure of the Independent Department of History of Medicine and Pharmacy, which plays the role of an educational center. The main goal of Museum is the preservation of the academic heritage of the MUB as well as the study and exhibition of old healthcare traditions from the area of the former border between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Great Duchy of Lithuania.  </text>
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                <text>Z archiwów, bibliotek i muzeów</text>
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                  <text>Tom 24, zeszyt 1 (2018 r.)</text>
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                <text>Zaburzenia neurologiczne typu afazji w obserwacjach Dominika Jeana Larreya</text>
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                <text>Maria Joanna Turos</text>
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                  <text>Tom 21 - Zeszyt 2 (2015 r.)</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Z archiwów, bibliotek i muzeów - interpretacje źródłoznawcze na łamach „Medycyny Nowożytnej”</text>
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                <text>Magdalena Paciorek</text>
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                <text>Anna Marek</text>
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                <text>Jubileusz czasopisma „ Medycyna Nowożytna” Studia nad Kulturą Medyczną. (1994-2014)</text>
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                  <text>Tom 19 - Zeszyt 2 (2013 r.)</text>
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                <text>XIII Ogólnopolska i III im. dr Janiny Fetlińskiej Konferencja Naukowo-Szkoleniowa „Pielęgniarstwo – zawód z tradycjami i z przyszłością” Ciechanów, WOZiNH PWSZ, dn.  20 kwietnia 2013 r.</text>
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                <text>Małgorzata Zagroba</text>
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                <text>Ewa Wiśniewska</text>
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                <text>Kronika życia naukowego</text>
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                <text>Wkład żydowskiego środowiska lekarskiego w organizację opieki medycznej w Białymstoku na przestrzeni XIX-I poł. XX w.</text>
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                <text>Contribution of the Jewish medical milieu to healthcare organization in Białystok in the 19th and first half of the 20th century</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="314">
                <text>Magdalena Grassmann</text>
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                <text>In the territory of Poland, especially in its eastern provinces, healthcare was developing with a substantial involvement of Jewish medical community. The town of Bialystok, with its well organized Jewish medical service starting from the early modern period till World War II, was an excellent example. Of particular importance were the solutions introduced in the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century by the Jewish community of physicians, who organized modern well-equipped and fully-staffed hospital, created the first emergency service and care-providing organizations, implemented sanatorium treatment for children with tuberculosis. Medical care provided by the Jewish community enjoyed great trust and popularity in the town. Worth special note is the fact that this medical care was available for all Białystok inhabitants, irrespective of nationality and faith.</text>
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                <text>Prace analityczne</text>
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                  <text>Tom 23, zeszyt 1, (2017 r.)</text>
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                <text>Wileńskie placówki naukowe Uniwersytetu Stefana Batorego na przykładzie niektórych klinik "niezabiegowych" w latach 1919-1934</text>
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                <text>Bożena Urbanek</text>
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                <text>Vilnius scientific institutions of the Stefan Batory University on the examples of some nonsurgical clinics in the years 1919-1934&#13;
&#13;
&#13;
	Clinics as well as the related nonsurgical departments of: internal medicine, neurolo-gy, pediatrics and psychiatry were organized in Vilnius since the beginning of Polish state structures covering the city and reactivating the Vilnius University, i.e. since 1919, thence-forth under the invocation of Stefan Batory - the Polish King. However, the intensification of these actions took place only in the years 1922-1923. That was mainly due to the ongoing military actions in 1920, which interrupted the organizational works at the University. That situation was influenced by the shortage of scientific staff caused, among others, by their participation in fights and evacuation from the city. &#13;
	As one of the first institutions of this type, the clinic and department of neurology, was intended to be established already in 1919, while the position of its head was going to be entrusted to Dr. Stanisław Karol Władyczko. However, it was succeeded only at the end of January 1923 conferring  the title of Professor to Dr. S.K.Władyczko. It resulted from difficult conditions, including financial ones, as well as the lack of appropriate rooms intended for clinical use. A similar situation concerned other established scientific units which are discussed in the article. The author attempts to depict the great effort of establishing and functioning Vilnius clinics and departments in the first period of the Medical Faculty of that University in the eastern parts of Poland in the interwar period  mainly on the basis of sources of both National Archive in Vilnius (Lietvas centrinis volstybes archywas) and Polish Special Collections of Main Medical Library.  &#13;
&#13;
 &#13;
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                <text>Prace Analityczne</text>
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                  <text>Tom 20 - Zeszyt 1 (2014 r.)</text>
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                <text>Wanda Wojtkiewicz-Rok, Lata chwały i dni grozy. Studia nad dziejami Wydziału Lekarskiego Uniwersytetu Jana Kazimierza we Lwowie, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piastów Śląskich we Wrocławiu, Toruń 2012, 315 ss.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="164">
                <text>rec. Tadeusz Dubicki</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>Recenzje i omówienia</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="166">
                <text>pl</text>
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                  <text>Tom 19 - Zeszyt 2 (2013 r.)</text>
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                <text>Walentyn Otamanowski jako historyk medycyny i aptekarstwa południowo-wschodnich kresów I. Rzeczypospolitej.</text>
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                <text>Valentin Otamanowski as a historian of medicine and pharmacy of south-eastern borderlands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="407">
                <text>Igor J. Robak</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="408">
                <text>Tadeusz Srogosz</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="409">
                <text>In the paper we analyse Valentin Otamanowski`s contribution to the medical historiography. He was an activist of the Ukrainian authorities in the years 1917-1918, the participant of combats with the Bolscheviks, imprisoned in 1930, a long-prisoner of camp, a professor of medical schools in 1950s and 1960s. In 1920s Otamanowski conducted the research on the history of medicine and pharmacy in Vinnytsia and the district of Vinnytsia at the end of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After returning from the camp, on the basis of previous studies, chronologically and geographically he expanded the scope of its interests in the history of medicine and pharmacy, while remaining within the limits of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite the adoption of the Sovjet paradigm of the history of Ukraine, these studies are of great value because of a large number of facts, based on numerous documents that were destroyed during World War II, as well as the level of expertise.</text>
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                <text>Prace analityczne</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Tom 23, zeszyt 1, (2017 r.)</text>
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                <text>W trosce o "dzieci jutra"; amerykańskie inicjatywy opieki nad niemowlętami w II Rzeczypospolitej</text>
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                <text>Sylwia Kuźma-Markowska</text>
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            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="795">
                <text>Caring for the „Children of Tomorrow“: American Child Welfare Initiatives in the Second Polish Republic&#13;
&#13;
The article is devoted to the child welfare initiatives that the voluntary and humanitarian organizations from the Unites States began in post-World War I Poland. The main emphasis is put on the most salient of these initiatives: the re-organization and opening of infant welfare stations by the American Red Cross (ARC). In the early 1920s, ARC established, modernized and equipped about 70 stations in Polish cities and towns, offering a multifold program of child welfare. The program included the oversight over infant feeding practices, regular weighting and measuring of children in order to ensure its proper physical development, instructions about child rearing offered to infants’ mothers as well as public health nurse visiting. &#13;
The American infant feeding and child rearing ideals and norms that the American Red Cross aimed to transfer to postwar Poland were however not always encountering the acceptance and understanding of Polish mothers and Polish medical personnel. In poverty-stricken post-war Poland, impoverished mothers treated ARC infant welfare stations mainly as the best source of pure and affordable milk for their undernourished children. The medicalization of infant feeding and child rearing, which constituted the pinnacle of the ARC child welfare program, was thus frequently meeting opposition of local mothers accustomed to wielding control over the feeding of their children. &#13;
&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>Prace Analityczne</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="797">
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                  <text>Tom 20 - Zeszyt 1 (2014 r.)</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Uzdrowisko w Druskienikach do 1939 r.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="196">
                <text>Spas in Druskienikiach to 1939</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="197">
                <text>Joanna Warmuzińska-Wnuk</text>
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            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
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                <text>From among a range of measures and various treatment methods commonly used, natural resources treatment, especially in the interwar years, was becoming more and more popular. It resulted from making national health resorts available to all social classes by granting considerable discounts both for accommodation as well as medical treatments. Especially important role in promoting the Polish health resorts played the physicians and thanks to their work, in the scientific and experimental scope in particular, they acquired their own specializations.&#13;
Druskieniki, as the only health resort in the north-east region at the time of the Second Polish Republic, was quickly rebuilt and properly equipped despite significant losses after the war. Salt springs, known and used since 1830, peat and needles as well as its values as regards the terrain and the climate put it on an equal footing with other national health resorts. However, the real boom in its development happened in the 1930s. At that time a scientific center was established in this health resort out of the initiative of prof. A. Januszkiewicz, who was the head of the Internal Ward of the Stefan Batory University in Vilnius at that time. The purpose of his activity as regards health resorts was the research conducted by the physicians at the said University concerning the influence of natural resources of Druskieniki on the bodies of health resort visitors, taking into account the physicochemical properties of these resources.&#13;
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              <elementText elementTextId="199">
                <text>Prace analityczne</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="200">
                <text>pl</text>
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                  <text>Tom 22, zeszyt 1 (2016)</text>
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              <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                  <text>pol</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="694">
                <text>U genezy państwowej opieki społecznej i zdrowotnej- szpitalnictwo wojskowe w epoce nowożytnej</text>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="695">
                <text>Karol Łopatecki</text>
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            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="696">
                <text>About the origin of the state social and health care &amp;ndash; military hospital management in the modern age.&lt;br /&gt;In this article I present the policy of European countries on health and social care directed to soldiers and veterans. I am focusing on general comments and observations on macro scale, excluding detailed research suitable for microhistory. I am interested in reasons and consequences of European military hospital management's development in the modern age. In my research I distinguish three categories of military hospitals: permanent, temporal and field hospitals. Temporal and field hospitals treated mostly sick and wounded soldiers, while pernament hospitals took care over disabled war veterans. I would like to point out that only development and cooperation of all these health care units could provide the highest standard of care (an example of which can be France from the end of XVIIth century) In my opinion in the age of feudal society (pre-industrial), the fundamental role of providing social services was the family and society. If someone did not receive support from the family and friends, he was forced to go for help to religious organizations or charities funded by social elites. In this system, the role of the state or monarch was marginal and confined to submission by monarchs or parliamets money for charity. This seemingly stable system was disrupted as a result of military revolution. Development of new techniques of war, and consequently the arm race, which apogee we can observe in XVIIth century (the age of wars), forced the countries to take care of wounded, sick and, above all, old soldiers. Obviously these monarchs' actions were not caused by humanitarian factors, but utylitarianism. Rather than take out new soldiers, which had to undergo training, it was more financialy profitable to treat experienced ones. Also pernament hospitals for veterans were extremely useful. These institutions prevented vagabondage and growth of crime. It also raised morale in army and instill belief that monarch (state) is committed to improve living conditions of soldiers. Effects of state health and social care were incredibly positive, which made many countries in the Age of Enlightenment to expand state care also to other social groups. About the origin of the state social and health care &amp;ndash; military hospital management in the modern age keywords: military hospitals, social care, veterans, disabled war veterans, military revolution In this article I present the policy of European countries on health and social care directed to soldiers and veterans. I am focusing on general comments and observations on macro scale, excluding detailed research suitable for microhistory. I am interested in reasons and consequences of European military hospital management's development in the modern age. In my research I distinguish three categories of military hospitals: permanent, temporal and field hospitals. Temporal and field hospitals treated mostly sick and wounded soldiers, while pernament hospitals took care over disabled war veterans. I would like to point out that only development and cooperation of all these health care units could provide the highest standard of care (an example of which can be France from the end of XVIIth century) In my opinion in the age of feudal society (pre-industrial), the fundamental role of providing social services was the family and society. If someone did not receive support from the family and friends, he was forced to go for help to religious organizations or charities funded by social elites. In this system, the role of the state or monarch was marginal and confined to submission by monarchs or parliamets money for charity. This seemingly stable system was disrupted as a result of military revolution. Development of new techniques of war, and consequently the arm race, which apogee we can observe in XVIIth century (the age of wars), forced the countries to take care of wounded, sick and, above all, old soldiers. Obviously these monarchs' actions were not caused by humanitarian factors, but utylitarianism. Rather than take out new soldiers, which had to undergo training, it was more financialy profitable to treat experienced ones. Also pernament hospitals for veterans were extremely useful. These institutions prevented vagabondage and growth of crime. It also raised morale in army and instill belief that monarch (state) is committed to improve living conditions of soldiers. Effects of state health and social care were incredibly positive, which made many countries in the Age of Enlightenment to expand state care also to other social groups. About the origin of the state social and health care &amp;ndash; military hospital management in the modern age keywords: military hospitals, social care, veterans, disabled war veterans, military revolution In this article I present the policy of European countries on health and social care directed to soldiers and veterans. I am focusing on general comments and observations on macro scale, excluding detailed research suitable for microhistory. I am interested in reasons and consequences of European military hospital management's development in the modern age. In my research I distinguish three categories of military hospitals: permanent, temporal and field hospitals. Temporal and field hospitals treated mostly sick and wounded soldiers, while pernament hospitals took care over disabled war veterans. I would like to point out that only development and cooperation of all these health care units could provide the highest standard of care (an example of which can be France from the end of XVIIth century) In my opinion in the age of feudal society (pre-industrial), the fundamental role of providing social services was the family and society. If someone did not receive support from the family and friends, he was forced to go for help to religious organizations or charities funded by social elites. In this system, the role of the state or monarch was marginal and confined to submission by monarchs or parliamets money for charity. This seemingly stable system was disrupted as a result of military revolution. Development of new techniques of war, and consequently the arm race, which apogee we can observe in XVIIth century (the age of wars), forced the countries to take care of wounded, sick and, above all, old soldiers. Obviously these monarchs' actions were not caused by humanitarian factors, but utylitarianism. Rather than take out new soldiers, which had to undergo training, it was more financialy profitable to treat experienced ones. Also pernament hospitals for veterans were extremely useful. These institutions prevented vagabondage and growth of crime. It also raised morale in army and instill belief that monarch (state) is committed to improve living conditions of soldiers. Effects of state health and social care were incredibly positive, which made many countries in the Age of Enlightenment to expand state care also to other social groups.</text>
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                <text>Troska o zdrowie dzieci na podstawie Hygieny polskiej Teodora Tripplina</text>
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                <text>Concerns about children healthcare according to Hygiena polska (Polish Hygiene) by Teodor Tripplin</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="507">
                <text>Magdalena Syguda</text>
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                <text>In the nineteenth century, guides paying special attention to the problem of raising a child enjoyed a great popularity. Notable position in polish literature belongs to the Teodor Tripplin’s work Hygiena polska. Author in a very precise manner not only describes many dangers lurking on young children, but also gives speciﬁ c advices on how to prevent them. In his work, he describes different types of diseases that may in any way endanger the child’s life. Treatment methods are also exhaustivly described. Mother and wet nurse roles and their impact on education and later child’s life are deeply covered. Doctor Tripplin took care of every detail during the compilation of his work, which is indeed very important for inexperienced parents. Child room, its design, breastfeeding and even bath are described with great attention to details. No wonder why the Hygiena polska enjoyed popularity among the contemporary society.</text>
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                <text>Prace analityczne</text>
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                <text>pl</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Tom 21 - Zeszyt 1 (2015 r.)</text>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="588">
                <text>Treści farmaceutyczne w „Gazecie Lekarskiej”, późniejszej „Polskiej Gazecie Lekarskiej” w latach 1920 - 1939 jako przykład stanu wiedzy i zainteresowań piśmiennictwa lekarskiego</text>
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                <text>Pharmaceutical contents in the "Gazeta lekarska", later "Polska Gazeta Lekarska" in the years 1920 – 1939 as an example of the state of knowledge and interesting of medical literature.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="590">
                <text>Barbara Ogłódek</text>
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            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
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                <text>In Poland in the interwar period a wide variety of medical and pharmaceutical journals were published: “Lekarz Wojskowy”, “Pediatria Polska”, “Polski Przegląd Radiologiczny”, “Gastrologia Polska”, “Farmacja Współczesna”, “Roczniki Farmacji” and “Gazeta Lekarska”. The last one after connecting with “Polskie Czasopismo Lekarskie” was published from 1922 with new title “Polska Gazeta Lekarska”. It was a weekly magazine which was devoted for many medical skills. Authors of articles were mainly doctors so a lot of articles were connected with medical issues but we could found also pharmaceutical contents in them. There were informations about drugs which influenced on human systems: cardiovascular, respiratory, haemolymphopoietic, alimentary, nervous, endocrynology, urogenital, osteo-articular. Many articles was devoted for endocrynology so we can conclude that this part of medicine was intensively developed in that period. The most imported fact was discovering of insuline and understanding its properties. Pharmaceutical contents were also included in advertisements.</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="592">
                <text>Z archiwów i bibliotek i muzeów</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="593">
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                  <text>Tom 24, zeszyt 1 (2018 r.)</text>
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                <text>Transferring Proffesional Knowledge and Skills (The Case od Centaral and Easter European Migrant Physicians in German Hospitals) von Juliane Klein, Opladen-Berlin-Toronto 2016, ss 240 ( rec. Magdalena Schymanietz)</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="767">
                <text>rec. Magdalena Schymanietz</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="768">
                <text>Recenzje i Omówienia</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>niem</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text> Tom 17 - Zeszyt 1 (2011 r.)</text>
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      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Tajemnica skóry (cz. I ). Święte uleczanie&#13;
wobec chorób zakaźnych, dermatologicznych i wenerycznych. (Sylwetki patronów, ikonografia i obecność w kulturze)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="529">
                <text>Mystery of the skin (part I). Sacred healing towards to plague-like, dermatological and veneral diseases. (Figures of patron saints, iconography and presence in culture)</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Jowita Jagla</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>Studia</text>
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                <text>pl</text>
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            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="530">
                <text>The plague-like, dermatological and veneral diseases expose their presence in the ancient art mainly through the iconography of the healing saints. Skin inﬁ ltrations, dermal naevus of bubonic tumours, skin covered with ulcers, feverish and ﬂ ushing skin are the principal stigmas of the ill, constituting the attribute of the divine doctors. Simultaneously, there was a group of „wounded healers” granted with so called symbolic wound, determining the direction of the curing patronage. The skin of an average man and the skin of a saint were not of the same quality. The ﬁ rst one usually expressed the hallmark of sin, deserved God’s punishment, was forcing the conversion, where the skin of the saint, being the material area of a corporal experience, conﬁ rmed the salutary dimension of suffering. Among the diseases stated in the medieval annals and iconography you can ﬁ nd ergotism (secale cornutum) called the “holy ﬁ re” or the “Saint Anthony’s Fire”. The main patron of this disease is Saint Anthony the Anchorite, who in the iconography was pictured with the attribute of an ill man with burning palm or a hand in ﬂ ames. Another, also frequently mentioned and represented disease was the leprosy, observed in the St. Minus iconography, Saint Martin of Tours iconography (the scene with a sick beggar endowed with the cloak), in Job iconography (Job becomes the „wounded healer” touched by a disease, over which he has the patronage). Job’s syndrome was, and still is, discussed by the medical historians, who wish to believe it was not leprosy, but syphilis or diphtheria.</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Tom 19 - Zeszyt 2 (2013 r.)</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
      <description>A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.</description>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Tajemnica skóry – część II. Skóra - obszar pamięci, obszar doświadczenia w kulturowym i ikonograficznym wizerunku świętego Bartłomieja.</text>
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                <text>"The secret of the skin - part II. Skin - the area of memory and experience in the cultural and iconographic image of Saint Bartholomew.</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="426">
                <text>Jowita Jagla</text>
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          <element elementId="53">
            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="427">
                <text>The symbolical phenomena of the skin has its own visual and cultural reflection in the centuries-old iconography of Saint Bartholomew in which the Saint is depicted in two different ways: either alone with the attribute of skin resembling a piece of cloth / coat / fabric or as a martyr who was or is being "stripped" from his skin. The low relief from the Cathedral in Peplin (13th/ 14th century), the seventeenth-century painting from the church dedicated to Archangel Michael in Sępopol and the nineteenth-century painting from the church in Płoskinia dedicated to Saint Katherine are examples of the former way of depicting Saint Bartholomew. Examples of the latter way of depicting the Saint include: compartments of the triptich from  Niedzica (around 1450)  and from Kamionka Wielka (around 1460), a painting from Byszew (15th century) and also two paintings of Michael Willman: one from the church dedicated to Saint Bartholomew in Trzebnica  (1685) and one from the abbey-church in Lubiąż (1662). The act of killing Saint Bartholomew is shown here in a form of an absolutely brutal theatre, a "butcher's" play - Saint Bartholomew is stripped of his skin just like a brutally murdered, slaughtered animal. Skin begins to dominate in the early depictions of Saint Bartholomew. It is transformed into a separate, imitative entity that imitates the corporeality of the Saint - it has its face, hands and legs. In this case, such creation of the skin, in the likeness of man, is supposed to make its lost shape more realistic and thus bring it closer to the Saint and make it look like it was still connected with the body. At the same time, from the beginning of the 16th century, works, inspired by the anatomic iconography, the so called "écorché" - an anatomic model without its skin, depicting Saint Bartholomew alone, holding skin, start to appear (the anatomic image of "écorché"  was present, among others, in the works of Berengario da Carpi or Andreas Vesalius). The popularity of the medical graphics was the reason of the dynamic, jumping, dancing, walking écorché becoming one of the most favourite motive of sculptors and graphic artists of the sixteenth century such as Baccio Bandinelli, Marco Ferreri d'Agrate, Willem van den Broeck. One of the best known examples of Saint Bartholomew as an écorché is the sculpture by Marco d'Agrarte from the Cathedral in Milan (1552/62) which is a hidden self-portrait of the artist. &#13;
In all of those depictions the cloak made of skin makes Saint Bartholomew a new man. Being stripped of the skin he is also stripped of his sins. The stripped skin changes Saint Bartholomew's body into a body that is unblemished and clean.</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Studia</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="429">
                <text>pl</text>
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