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                  <text>Tom 19 - Zeszyt 2 (2013 r.)</text>
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                <text>,,Homeopata Polski” -  czasopismo polskich zwolenników doktryny Samuela Fryderyka Hahnemanna </text>
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                <text>“Homeopata Polski” - magazine polish apologist (follower) doctrine Samuela Frideric Hahnemanna.</text>
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                <text>Beata A. Kwiatkowska</text>
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                <text>,,Homeopata Polski” was a didactic – informational periodica issued in Lviv between 1861 and 1865, it was dedicated to popularise the treatment method invented by a German healer Samuel Frideric Hahnemann. One of its purposes was to help all the doctors unsig this method with self – education through publishing treatment observation. The content of those publications touched the issue of treating people as well as its veterinary use, that was granred a separate part called Popular Homeopathic Veterinary. Apart from publications concerning homeopathic treatment of people and animals translations of articles from overseas periodical and the so called „Novelties from the Word” were also published in the magazine. The „Homeopata Polski” magazine has also become a place for discussion between groups supporting homeopthy and the ones supporting academic medicime (so called allopaths).</text>
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                <text>Z archiwów, bibliotek i muzeów</text>
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                <text>pl</text>
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                  <text>Tom 19 - Zeszyt 2 (2013 r.)</text>
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                <text>Dyscyplina pracy i nauki na przykładzie studentów polskich wydziałów lekarskich na przełomie lat 40 i 50.</text>
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                <text>Discipline of working and learning on the example of Polish medical department students at the turn of 1940s and in the early 1950s.</text>
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                <text>Magdalena Paciorek</text>
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                <text>The discipline of learning phenomenon was nothing new in the modern system of education. The purpose of maintaining discipline was subordinating young people to some rules in force. It also served the aim of forming them. Discipline in tertiary education in 20th century was regulated by separate regulations included in subsequent Acts of 1933 and 1937. Typical punishable offences were for example fraud, theft, acts of drunkenness, hooliganism. A person accused of committing them could be punished by admonition or reprimand of varying degrees, to expelling from the university. The punishment was inflicted by disciplinary commissions consisting of selected teaching staff members.&#13;
In the post-WWII period, the issue of discipline of learning in tertiary education got a new dimension. The nature of disciplinary commissions was changed already in 1947, and starting from 1950, the scope of offences was broadened with such offences as lack of progress in studying, coming late or skipping lectures or classes, as well as adopting the attitude 'unworthy of a student in Polish People's Republic'. &#13;
In the 1950s, discipline of learning and working became an element of the state policy. The state was striving to implement its first 6-year economic plan for the years 1950-1955, which assumed educating 146,000 graduates from tertiary education , among other things. Growth of production output in all industrial sectors – pompously  advertised and promoted at that time – required also proper productive forces. Creation of optimal conditions for studying became one of the main challenges faced by the then state authorities, as this was seen a precondition for achieving planned results and, for example, have set down number of fully trained doctors who could work at foreseen in advance positions. Thus, the state intended to secure the students free education, scholarships, and improve their living conditions. In return, students were expected to obey discipline, that is subordinate to all orders and bans and first of all to complete their studies in due time. &#13;
The article presents the development of legislature aimed at achieving the planned outcome, in chronological order. At the example of the medical students environment, the mechanisms of the above-described policy were presented. But was this policy effective?&#13;
The Author based her article not only on the press sources but first of all she studied archival documents, for example coming from archives of medical universities or The Central Archives of Modern Records (AAN) in Warsaw.</text>
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                  <text>Tom 19 - Zeszyt 2 (2013 r.)</text>
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                <text>Zasady leczenia ran wojennych i sposoby postępowania z ranami w II Rzeczypospolitej.</text>
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                <text>The principles of treatment of war wounds and ways of conduct with wounds in the interwar Poland</text>
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                <text>Anna Marek</text>
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                <text>The fundamental changes in treatment wounds took place during the First World War. It was observed that previous treatment methods could lead to the serious and varies complications. Bacteriological researches on “fresh wounds” were carried out by, among others, Pierre Delbet in Paris, Albert Policard in Lyon, Ludwik Aschoff in Fribourg and Läwen together with Hesse in Munich. According to their works changed not only the outlooks on wounds but also the ways of its treatment. First of all, they recognized all war wounds as infected wounds. Their conditions were depended on the kind of germ, its amount in the wound and human immunity. In the beginning of 1915, the “dèbridement” method was started to practice. That method was that they opened the recess in the wound to cleanse it. After cleansing wound, further conduct was depending: on the time from inflicting it and time of transport, on the certainty that the wound was completely cleansed and on the favourable conditions which allowed observing patients for a period of five days. Cutting wound required from surgeon good knowledge of human anatomy, precise operating technique and a lot of experience. In Polish army, during the 1920 war, the cutting method practiced Władysław Sieramski and Michał Latkowski. In the interwar period, Tadeusz Sokołowski was an initiator of introducing the method of cutting wounds.</text>
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                  <text>Tom 19 - Zeszyt 2 (2013 r.)</text>
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                <text>Higiena książki w świetle przepisów i literatury z okresu dwudziestolecia międzywojennego.</text>
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                <text>Book health in view of the regulations and literature of the Interwar Period</text>
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                <text>Monika Olczak-Kardas</text>
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                <text>This paper aims at discussing the issues of book health in the light of reference materials and ministry’s regulations which were published in the Second Polish Republic. Research into schoolbook health was undertaken by some health specialists. The article presents the works of Witold Gądzikiewicz, Aleksander Safarewicz, Marian Falski, Jadwiga Kozłowska. The research included the school textbooks available in the market of that time and demonstrated that none of textbooks under consideration was error free or fully compliant to the standards. The aspects examined comprised, inter alia, print, typesetting, final printing and paper select. Those elements were subjected to analysis in the context of vision problems, including short-sightedness, which readers might suffer from. The examination carried out as well as the regularities discovered gave rise to many demands addressed to those responsible for the preparation and monitoring of school textbooks.</text>
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                  <text>Tom 19 - Zeszyt 2 (2013 r.)</text>
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                <text>Walentyn Otamanowski jako historyk medycyny i aptekarstwa południowo-wschodnich kresów I. Rzeczypospolitej.</text>
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                <text>Valentin Otamanowski as a historian of medicine and pharmacy of south-eastern borderlands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.</text>
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                <text>Igor J. Robak</text>
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                <text>Tadeusz Srogosz</text>
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                <text>In the paper we analyse Valentin Otamanowski`s contribution to the medical historiography. He was an activist of the Ukrainian authorities in the years 1917-1918, the participant of combats with the Bolscheviks, imprisoned in 1930, a long-prisoner of camp, a professor of medical schools in 1950s and 1960s. In 1920s Otamanowski conducted the research on the history of medicine and pharmacy in Vinnytsia and the district of Vinnytsia at the end of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After returning from the camp, on the basis of previous studies, chronologically and geographically he expanded the scope of its interests in the history of medicine and pharmacy, while remaining within the limits of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite the adoption of the Sovjet paradigm of the history of Ukraine, these studies are of great value because of a large number of facts, based on numerous documents that were destroyed during World War II, as well as the level of expertise.</text>
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                <text>Prace analityczne</text>
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                <text>Dyscyplinować i pomagać – toruńskie akuszerki miejskie w XVIII wieku (kilka uwag na marginesie przysiąg i porządków akuszerskich).</text>
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                <text>To Discipline and to Help – City Midwives (Stadthebammen) of Torun in the Eighteenth Century&#13;
(Some Remarks on Oaths and Statutory Orders for Midwives)</text>
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                <text>Katarzyna Pękacka – Falkowska</text>
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                <text>The paper is a contribution to the discussion on midwifery in Royal Prussia and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the eighteenth century. We examine Torun’s municipal midwives’ (Stadthebammen) lives and work. E.g. we give an account of their duties, salaries, privileges and focus on their ambiguous relations with city physicians (Stadt-Physici), surgeons, barbers. In the appendix to the paper are contained two early modern oaths of Torun’s city midwives and a statutory order for them, which probably remained in force up to the year 1817, when Instruction vor die Hebammen in den kleine Städten und auf dem plätten Lande. Instrukcya dla Bab, dzieci z porodzenia przyimuiacych, w małych Miastach y na otwartych mieysach Kraiu was issued. The Hebammenordnung for Torun’s city midwives was a German translation of Panaiota Condoidi’s O poryadochnom uchrezhdenii babich’yeva dela v pol’zu obshchestwa (1754) and presumably was entered in the municipal records by Johann Thomas von Soemmerring, the city physician.</text>
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                <text>Na trzeźwo czy jednak ze znieczuleniem. Zaglądając do wojskowych farmakopei, próby odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy w początkach XIX w. chirurdzy wojskowi stosowali leki uśmierzające ból. Cz. III.</text>
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                <text>Sober or howeveranesthesia. Peering into the militarypharmacopoeia. … or tying to answer the guestion whether in the erly XIX century, military surgeons have used painrelieving medications. Part III.</text>
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                <text>Maria Joanna Turos</text>
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                <text>Text is presenting on the basis of the extant documents, including manuscripts from the era, as represented in the period of the Napoleonic wars supplies pharmacies and military surgeons treatments of pain. The fact that they use document also quotes diaries.</text>
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                <text>Tajemnica skóry – część II. Skóra - obszar pamięci, obszar doświadczenia w kulturowym i ikonograficznym wizerunku świętego Bartłomieja.</text>
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                <text>"The secret of the skin - part II. Skin - the area of memory and experience in the cultural and iconographic image of Saint Bartholomew.</text>
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                <text>The symbolical phenomena of the skin has its own visual and cultural reflection in the centuries-old iconography of Saint Bartholomew in which the Saint is depicted in two different ways: either alone with the attribute of skin resembling a piece of cloth / coat / fabric or as a martyr who was or is being "stripped" from his skin. The low relief from the Cathedral in Peplin (13th/ 14th century), the seventeenth-century painting from the church dedicated to Archangel Michael in Sępopol and the nineteenth-century painting from the church in Płoskinia dedicated to Saint Katherine are examples of the former way of depicting Saint Bartholomew. Examples of the latter way of depicting the Saint include: compartments of the triptich from  Niedzica (around 1450)  and from Kamionka Wielka (around 1460), a painting from Byszew (15th century) and also two paintings of Michael Willman: one from the church dedicated to Saint Bartholomew in Trzebnica  (1685) and one from the abbey-church in Lubiąż (1662). The act of killing Saint Bartholomew is shown here in a form of an absolutely brutal theatre, a "butcher's" play - Saint Bartholomew is stripped of his skin just like a brutally murdered, slaughtered animal. Skin begins to dominate in the early depictions of Saint Bartholomew. It is transformed into a separate, imitative entity that imitates the corporeality of the Saint - it has its face, hands and legs. In this case, such creation of the skin, in the likeness of man, is supposed to make its lost shape more realistic and thus bring it closer to the Saint and make it look like it was still connected with the body. At the same time, from the beginning of the 16th century, works, inspired by the anatomic iconography, the so called "écorché" - an anatomic model without its skin, depicting Saint Bartholomew alone, holding skin, start to appear (the anatomic image of "écorché"  was present, among others, in the works of Berengario da Carpi or Andreas Vesalius). The popularity of the medical graphics was the reason of the dynamic, jumping, dancing, walking écorché becoming one of the most favourite motive of sculptors and graphic artists of the sixteenth century such as Baccio Bandinelli, Marco Ferreri d'Agrate, Willem van den Broeck. One of the best known examples of Saint Bartholomew as an écorché is the sculpture by Marco d'Agrarte from the Cathedral in Milan (1552/62) which is a hidden self-portrait of the artist. &#13;
In all of those depictions the cloak made of skin makes Saint Bartholomew a new man. Being stripped of the skin he is also stripped of his sins. The stripped skin changes Saint Bartholomew's body into a body that is unblemished and clean.</text>
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                <text>Konferencja Apogeum polskich nadziei. Muzeum Wojska Polskiego, Warszawa, 23 października 2012 r.</text>
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                <text>Maria J. Turos</text>
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                <text>Kronika życia naukowego</text>
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                <text>Międzynarodowa Konferencja z cyklu: Zawody medyczne na ziemiach polskich w XIX i XX wieku. Zawód ratownika medycznego na ziemiach polskich w XIX i XX wieku. Radziejowice, 7–8 września 2012 r.</text>
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                <text>Sprawozdanie z Międzynarodowej Konferencji Historii Pielęgniarstwa – NURSING HISTORY IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE, Kolding, 9–11 sierpnia 2012 r.</text>
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                <text>Małgorzata Marcysiak</text>
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                <text>Historia powstania Akademii Medycznej w Białymstoku. Studenci pierwszego rocznika, pod red. Lecha Chyczewskiego, Magdaleny Grassmann, Pawła Radziejewskiego, wyd. BUM,  Białystok 2012, 383 ss.</text>
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                <text>rec. Magdalena Paciorek</text>
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                <text>Jan Wnęk, Dziecko w polskiej literaturze naukowej 1918–1939, Oﬁcyna Wydawnicza ASPRA-JR, Warszawa 2012, 580 ss.</text>
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                <text>rec. Magdalena Paciorek</text>
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                <text>Jan Bohdan Gliński, Słownik biograﬁczny lekarzy i farmaceutów oﬁar drugiej wojny światowej, t. 4, Naczelna Izba Lekarska, Warszawa 2011, 526 ss.</text>
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                <text>rec. Katarzyna Golańska</text>
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                <text>Polska szkoła ﬁlozoﬁi medycyny. Przedstawiciele i wybrane teksty źródłowe, pod red. M. Musielaka, J. Zamojskiego, Uniwersytet Medyczny im. K. Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu, Poznań 2010, ilustr., indeks osób, summary, 262 ss.</text>
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                <text>rec. prof. Tadeusz Srogosz</text>
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                <text>Archiwalia Wydziału Lekarskiego Uniwersytetu Stefana Batorego w Wilnie</text>
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                <text>Bożena Urbanek</text>
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                <text>At the end of 1940s and beginning of 1950s, when Communists took over the government in Poland, the changes were introduced in political, economic and social life of the country. As regards the society, adjusting the Poles to the imposed model required the policy to be planned in advance. ‘A new morality man’ means a man devoted to the system, who implements orders of superiors faithfully, is blindly obedient and follows Marxism-Leninism ideology. It was relatively easy to gain such type of supporters in the case of individuals coming from lower classes, who were privileged at that time. However, it was more difﬁ cult to win over followers from intelligentsia. The study seeks to answer the question whether the then authorities succeeded in creating the new model of a man in the analysed period of time, at the example of students of Polish medical universities. The study presents the policy carried out by the then authorities to achieve that goal. The discussed issues include system of enrolment and scholarships that paved the way to universities not only for people who graduated from secondary schools but also for those who beneﬁ tted from social advancement.</text>
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                <text>Anachronica</text>
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                <text> Stan sanitarny Gorzowa Wielkopolskiego w latach 1945–1949</text>
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                <text>Piotr Marian Ernst</text>
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            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
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                <text>Just after II WW political, social and economic life was organized, in practice, from the beginning. Residential buildings and industrial plants were destroyed. City water supply system was destroyed in 80%, what resulted in huge problems in water supply for citizens. Catastrophic situation took place in the ﬁ eld of health care. While establishing health care centres. Sanitary state of the town Gorzów Wielkopolski In a period between 1945–1949 was highly unsatisfying. Although the town was taken over without any ﬁ ghts, robbery activities by Soviet Army after entering the town, caused signiﬁ cant destruction of infrastructure. Municipal Hospital at Warszawska Street was devastated and robbed by residing in it capturers. Capturing the hospital by Russians resulted in necessity to open hospital rooms in provisional conditions, in adopted to that purpose residential buildings, in which there was any possibility for heating. Additional factor affecting the epidemic situation was a ﬂ ow of Polish citizens to the town, often sick, as replacement for departed German citizens. All mentioned elements led growth of infectious diseases cases. The authorities made attempt to combat that inappropriate state to by a system of vaccination and also by organizing in a later period so-called sanitary – ordering actions. All such undertakings not always were successful.</text>
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                <text>Anachronica</text>
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                <text>pl</text>
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                  <text>Tom 18 - Zeszyt 1/2 (2012 r.)</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
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                <text>Balneologia oczyma XVI-wiecznego medyka na podstawie Cieplic W. Oczki (1578)</text>
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                <text>Balneotherapy in the eyes of a sixteenth-century physician as described in Cieplice by Wojciech Oczko (1578)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="489">
                <text>Anetta Luto-Kamińska</text>
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            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="490">
                <text>Wojciech Oczko, a renowned sixteenth-century physician and specialist in medical theory, wrote a book entitled Cieplice. The task was commissioned to him by king Stephen Bàtory (Polish: Stefan Batory) who wanted to consult his court physician about the efﬁ cacy of bath therapy, today practiced at spas. Educated at home and abroad, the doctor approached the assignment with due diligence and wrote the book in which he presented the ancients’ opinions on balneotherapy, listed a range of foreign and domestic hot springs, and explained how thermal waters could be applied in practice. He also described the effect of thermal waters on the human body as well as the complications which could result from using them in treating internal and external diseases. Oczko indicated which ailments could be cured with balneotherapy and how it should be applied to achieve maximum effects. He also provided many signiﬁ cant technical details pertaining to the use of waters in therapy and recipes for various kinds of medicine based on thermal waters. Accroding to Oczko, it is worth applying balneotherapy both as complementary therapy and as basic treatment when other methods have failed and there is no hope of recovery for the patient. The purpose of this paper is to acquaint the contemporary reader with the medical knowledge of balneotherapy as it was 400 years ago, relying on a direct account of a Polish Renaissance physician. The book is not easy to read due to the intricacies of the Old Polish language that sometimes may be understood only by a linguist.</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Anachronica</text>
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                <text>pl</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                <elementText elementTextId="93">
                  <text>Tom 18 - Zeszyt 1/2 (2012 r.)</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="493">
                <text>Ogólne uwagi o lekach w Nauce materii medycznej (1830) Konstantego Porcyanki</text>
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                <text>General Comments on Medicines in Nauka Materii Medycznej (1830) by Konstanty Porcyanko</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="495">
                <text>Anna Trojanowska</text>
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            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="496">
                <text>In the early nineteenth century, Materia Medica (medical material) was one of the subjects taught in the Department of Medical Sciences at the University of Vilnius. In the period 1822–1830, these lectures were given by Konstanty Porcyanko. Notes of his lectures, held in the Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in Vilnius, became the basis for my thesis. In the thesis, I present general remarks about medicines, the deﬁ nition of a medicine, classiﬁ cation of therapeutic methods, comments on the assessment tests and on the therapeutic properties. It is worth mentioning that Porcyanko emphasized the signiﬁ cant impact of chemistry, which provided new opportunities for the development of knowledge about medicines. He noted, however, that the knowledge was incomplete, and the new studies needed to be approached with caution.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="497">
                <text>Prace analityczne</text>
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          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="498">
                <text>pl</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                <elementText elementTextId="93">
                  <text>Tom 18 - Zeszyt 1/2 (2012 r.)</text>
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      <name>Text</name>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Obraz chorób w malowidłach z warmińskich sanktuariów w Świętej Lipce i Chwalęcinie – reﬂeksje porównawcze</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="500">
                <text>The portrait of diseases in the paintings from Warmian sanctuaries in Święta Lipka and Chwalęcin – a comparative reﬂection</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="501">
                <text>Jowita Jagla</text>
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          <element elementId="53">
            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="502">
                <text>A chronicle record of miraculous healings is an essential part of the painting decoration in two Warmian sanctuaries – in Święta Lipka and Chwalęcin. The author of the painting decoration, created between 1722 and 1727, in Święta Lipka is Maciej Meyer. The essential part of the iconographic programme – a cycle of miracles performed by Saint Mary of Święta Lipka – is presented in a form of 109 signed medallions (mainly miraculous healings). These medallions are in fact a catalogue of diseases that were plaguing the 18th century pilgrims who are presented as sacriﬁ cers – kneeling, placing one’s hand on one’s heart – or, less frequently, depicted as ill organs. The paintings are redolent of courtly charm, airiness and lightness. Although there are only six presentations of the miraculous healings in the sanctuary in Chwalęcin – performed by the miraculous cruciﬁ x – they do constitute an essential part of the painting decoration made by Jan Lossau between 1748 and 1749. In contrast to the paintings from Święta Lipka, the health conditions presented in Chwalęcin are totally deprived of the “attractive retouch.” The state of ailment/illness seems to be extremely dramatic and painful both for the depicted ill person and his or her family. The idea behind the miracles “told” through the means of paintings was the same in both sanctuaries. The paintings translated the facts written down in the church books into a more vivid and in consequence into an easier language. Not only did they become an illustrated chronicle of the sanctuaries but also means of propaganda, making the sanctuaries looked at as centres of holy, healing powers! At the same time, from today’s perspective, these paintings are a phenomenal evidence of old illnesses and man’s constant struggle with his/her body. The struggle in which experiencing the miraculous animated role of sacrum was more than often a turning point on the way to recovery.</text>
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                <text>Prace analityczne</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="504">
                <text>pl</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                <elementText elementTextId="93">
                  <text>Tom 18 - Zeszyt 1/2 (2012 r.)</text>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Troska o zdrowie dzieci na podstawie Hygieny polskiej Teodora Tripplina</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="506">
                <text>Concerns about children healthcare according to Hygiena polska (Polish Hygiene) by Teodor Tripplin</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="507">
                <text>Magdalena Syguda</text>
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          <element elementId="53">
            <name>Abstract</name>
            <description>A summary of the resource.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="508">
                <text>In the nineteenth century, guides paying special attention to the problem of raising a child enjoyed a great popularity. Notable position in polish literature belongs to the Teodor Tripplin’s work Hygiena polska. Author in a very precise manner not only describes many dangers lurking on young children, but also gives speciﬁ c advices on how to prevent them. In his work, he describes different types of diseases that may in any way endanger the child’s life. Treatment methods are also exhaustivly described. Mother and wet nurse roles and their impact on education and later child’s life are deeply covered. Doctor Tripplin took care of every detail during the compilation of his work, which is indeed very important for inexperienced parents. Child room, its design, breastfeeding and even bath are described with great attention to details. No wonder why the Hygiena polska enjoyed popularity among the contemporary society.</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="509">
                <text>Prace analityczne</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="510">
                <text>pl</text>
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